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Chapter 7. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) 115
This line causes the user to be asked for a password and then checks the password using the infor-
mation stored in /etc/passwd and, if it exists, /etc/shadow. The pam_unix.so module automat-
ically detects and utilizes shadow passwords, stored in /etc/shadow, to authenticate users. Please
refer to the Section 5.5 for more information on shadow passwords.
The argument nullok instructs the pam_unix.so module to allow a blank password.
auth required /lib/security/pam_nologin.so
This is the final authentication step. It checks to see if the file /etc/nologin exists. If nologin does
exist and the user is not root, authentication fails.
Note
In this example, all three auth modules are checked, even if the first auth module fails. This prevents
the user from knowing at what stage their authentication failed. Such knowledge in the hands of an
attacker could allow them to more easily deduce how to crack the system.
account required /lib/security/pam_unix.so
This line causes any necessary account verification to be done. For example, if shadow passwords have
been enabled, the account component of the pam_unix.so module will check to see if the account
has expired or if the user has not changed their password within the grace period allowed.
password required /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so retry=3
If a password has expired, the password component of the pam_cracklib.so module prompts for a
new password. It then tests the newly created password to see whether the it can easily be determined
by a dictionary-based password cracking program. If it fails this test the first time, it gives the user
two more chances to create a strong password, due to the retry=3 argument.
password required /lib/security/pam_unix.so shadow nullok use_authtok
This line specifies that if the program changes the user’s password, it should use the password com-
ponent of the pam_unix.so module to do so. This will happen only if the auth portion of the
pam_unix.so module has determined that the password needs to be changed — for example, if a
shadow password has expired.
The argument shadow tells the module to create shadow passwords when updating a user’s password.
The argument nullok instructs the module to allow the user to change their password from a blank
password, otherwise a null password is treated as an account lock.
The final argument on this line, use_authtok, provides a good example of how one can stack PAM
modules. This argument tells the module not to prompt the user for a new password. Instead it is
to accept any password that passes through previous password module. This way all new passwords
must pass the pam_cracklib.so test for secure passwords before being accepted.
session required /lib/security/pam_unix.so
The final line specifies that the session component of the pam_unix.so module will manage the
session. This module logs the username and the service type to /var/log/messages at the the
beginning and end of each session. It can be supplemented by stacking it with other session modules
if you need more functionality.
The next sample configuration file will illustrate auth module stacking for the rlogin program — a
program that allows users to log in remotely.
- Red Hat Linux 8.0 1
- The Official Red Hat Linux 1
- Reference Guide 1
- Table of Contents 3
- Introduction 7
- 3. Document Conventions 10
- Mail backupfiles mail reports 12
- 4. Using the Mouse 13
- 6. More to Come 13
- 7. Sign Up for Support 14
- System Reference 15
- Chapter 1 17
- File System Structure 17
- 1.2.1. FHS Organization 18
- /usr/local/sbin." 19
- /usr." 20
- 1.3. Special File Locations 21
- Chapter 2 23
- The proc File System 23
- 2.1.2. Changing Virtual Files 24
- 2.2.1. /proc/apm 24
- 2.2.2. /proc/cmdline 25
- 2.2.3. /proc/cpuinfo 25
- 2.2.4. /proc/devices 26
- 2.2.5. /proc/dma 27
- 2.2.6. /proc/execdomains 27
- 2.2.7. /proc/fb 27
- 2.2.8. /proc/filesystems 27
- 2.2.9. /proc/interrupts 28
- 2.2.10. /proc/iomem 29
- 2.2.11. /proc/ioports 29
- 2.2.12. /proc/isapnp 30
- 2.2.13. /proc/kcore 30
- 2.2.14. /proc/kmsg 31
- 2.2.15. /proc/ksyms 31
- 2.2.16. /proc/loadavg 31
- 2.2.17. /proc/locks 31
- 2.2.18. /proc/mdstat 32
- 2.2.19. /proc/meminfo 32
- 2.2.20. /proc/misc 33
- 2.2.21. /proc/modules 33
- 2.2.22. /proc/mounts 34
- 2.2.23. /proc/mtrr 34
- 2.2.24. /proc/partitions 34
- 2.2.25. /proc/pci 35
- 2.2.26. /proc/slabinfo 36
- 2.2.27. /proc/stat 36
- 2.3. Directories in /proc/ 37
- 2.3.2. /proc/bus/ 39
- 2.3.3. /proc/driver/ 40
- 2.3.4. /proc/fs 40
- 2.3.5. /proc/ide/ 41
- 2.3.6. /proc/irq/ 42
- 2.3.7. /proc/net/ 42
- 2.3.8. /proc/scsi/ 43
- 2.3.9. /proc/sys/ 45
- Section 2.4 46
- 57411 52939 45 0 0 0 47
- 2.3.10. /proc/sysvipc/ 51
- 2.3.11. /proc/tty/ 51
- 2.4. Using sysctl 52
- 2.5. Additional Resources 53
- Chapter 3 55
- 3.2.2. The Boot Loader 56
- 3.2.3. The Kernel 57
- 3.2.4. The /sbin/init Program 57
- Web server 59
- 3.5. SysV Init 60
- 3.6. Init Runlevels 61
- 3.6.1. Initscript Utilities 62
- /etc/sysconfig/ Directory 63
- • vncservers 64
- • xinetd 64
- • USEMD5= 64
- DESKTOP="GNOME" 65
- LANG="en_US" 66
- /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sda1 71
- /dev/raw/raw2 8 5 71
- • DAEMON= 72
- • CARDTYPE= 72
- • SERVER= 73
- • DEVICE= 73
- 3.8. Shutting Down 75
- Chapter 4 77
- Boot Loaders 77
- 4.3. Installing GRUB 78
- 4.4. GRUB Terminology 79
- 4.5. GRUB Interfaces 80
- 4.6. GRUB Commands 81
- 4.8. LILO 84
- 4.8.2. LILO vs. GRUB 85
- 4.11. Additional Resources 87
- 88 Chapter 4. Boot Loaders 88
- Chapter 5 89
- Users and Groups 89
- 5.3. Standard Groups 91
- 5.4. User Private Groups 92
- /usr/sbin/groupadd emacs 93
- 5.5. Shadow Utilities 94
- Chapter 6 97
- The X Window System 97
- 6.2. XFree86 98
- 6.3.1. Window Managers 102
- 6.3.2. Desktop Environments 102
- 6.4. Runlevels 103
- 6.4.2. Runlevel 5: prefdm 104
- 6.5. Fonts 105
- 6.5.2. Adding Fonts 106
- 6.6. Additional Resources 107
- Security Reference 109
- Chapter 7 111
- 7.3. PAM Modules 112
- 7.4. PAM Module Control Flags 113
- 7.5. PAM Module Paths 114
- 7.6. PAM Module Arguments 114
- 7.8. PAM and Device Ownership 116
- 7.9. Additional Resources 117
- Chapter 8 119
- TCP Wrappers and xinetd 119
- 8.2.1. Formatting Rules 120
- EXCEPT operators 121
- /etc/xinetd.conf 123
- 8.4. Additional Resources 127
- Chapter 9 129
- SSH Protocol 129
- 9.3. Layers of SSH Security 130
- 9.3.1. Transport Layer 131
- 9.3.2. Authentication 131
- 9.3.3. Connection 132
- 9.5. More Than a Secure Shell 133
- 9.5.2. Port Forwarding 134
- 136 Chapter 9. SSH Protocol 136
- Chapter 10 137
- Kerberos 137
- 10.3. Kerberos Terminology 138
- 10.4. How Kerberos Works 139
- 10.5. Kerberos and PAM 140
- 10.8. Additional Resources 142
- 10.8.2. Useful Websites 143
- 144 Chapter 10. Kerberos 144
- Chapter 11 145
- Tripwire 145
- 11.3. Customizing Tripwire 147
- /etc/tripwire/twpol.txt 148
- /usr/sbin/tripwire --init 149
- /etc/hosts, use the 152
- EDITOR line of the 152
- Important 153
- 11.8.1. Tripwire and Email 154
- 11.10.1. Tripwire Components 155
- 11.11. Additional Resources 156
- Network Services Reference 157
- Chapter 12 159
- Network Scripts 159
- 12.2.1. Ethernet Interfaces 160
- 12.2.2. Dialup Interfaces 161
- 12.2.3. Other Interfaces 162
- 12.2.4. Alias and Clone Files 163
- 12.4. Network Functions 164
- 12.5. Additional Resources 165
- Chapter 13 167
- Firewalls and iptables 167
- 13.3.1. Tables 169
- 13.3.2. Structure 170
- 13.3.3. Commands 170
- 13.3.4. Parameters 171
- 13.3.5. Match Options 172
- 13.3.6. Target Options 174
- 13.3.7. Listing Options 175
- 13.5. Additional Resources 176
- Chapter 14 177
- Apache HTTP Server 177
- UserDir disable 181
- UserDir public_html 181
- 14.3. After Installation 187
- /sbin/service httpd start 188
- /sbin/service httpd stop 188
- /sbin/service httpd restart 188
- /sbin/service httpd reload 188
- 14.5.1. ServerRoot 189
- 14.5.2. LockFile 189
- 14.5.10. StartServers 191
- 14.5.11. MaxClients 191
- 14.5.12. MaxRequestsPerChild 191
- 14.5.13. Listen 191
- 14.5.14. Include 191
- 14.5.17. ExtendedStatus 192
- 14.5.18. User 192
- 14.5.15. LoadModule 192
- 14.5.16. IfDefine 192
- 14.5.19. Group 193
- 14.5.20. ServerAdmin 193
- 14.5.21. ServerName 193
- 14.5.22. DocumentRoot 193
- 14.5.23. Directory 193
- 14.5.24. Options 194
- 14.5.25. AllowOverride 194
- 14.5.26. Order 194
- 14.5.27. Allow 195
- 14.5.28. Deny 195
- 14.5.29. UserDir 195
- 14.5.30. DirectoryIndex 195
- 14.5.31. AccessFileName 195
- 14.5.38. ErrorLog 197
- 14.5.39. LogLevel 197
- 14.5.40. LogFormat 197
- 14.5.41. CustomLog 197
- 14.5.42. ServerSignature 198
- 14.5.43. Alias 198
- 14.5.44. ScriptAlias 198
- 14.5.45. Redirect 199
- 14.5.46. IndexOptions 199
- 14.5.47. AddIconByEncoding 199
- 14.5.48. AddIconByType 199
- 14.5.56. AddLanguage 201
- 14.5.57. LanguagePriority 201
- 14.5.58. AddType 201
- 14.5.59. AddHandler 201
- 14.5.60. Action 201
- 14.5.61. MetaDir 202
- 14.5.62. MetaSuffix 202
- 14.5.63. ErrorDocument 202
- 14.5.64. BrowserMatch 202
- 14.5.65. Location 202
- 14.5.66. ProxyRequests 203
- 14.5.67. ProxyVia 203
- 14.5.68. Cache Directives 203
- 14.5.69. NameVirtualHost 203
- 14.5.70. VirtualHost 204
- 14.5.71. SetEnvIf 204
- 14.6. Default Modules 205
- 14.8. Using Virtual Hosts 206
- NameVirtualHost * 207
- 14.9. Additional Resources 208
- Chapter 15 209
- 15.1.3. SMTP 210
- 15.2.1. Mail User Agent 211
- 15.2.2. Mail Transfer Agent 211
- 15.3. Sendmail 212
- /etc/mail/sendmail.cf 214
- 15.4. Fetchmail 216
- 15.5. Procmail 220
- 15.5.2. Procmail Recipes 221
- * ^From: [email protected] 224
- /dev/null 224
- 15.6. Security 225
- 15.7. Additional Resources 226
- 15.7.2. Useful Websites 227
- 15.7.3. Related Books 227
- Chapter 16 229
- 16.2. BIND Configuration Files 230
- 16.2.1. /etc/named.conf 231
- • include " 232
- • view " 233
- • zone " 234
- 16.2.2. Zone Files 235
- 16.3. Using rndc 240
- 16.4.2. Multiple Views 243
- 16.4.3. Security 243
- 16.4.4. IP version 6 243
- 16.6. Additional Resources 244
- 16.6.3. Related Books 245
- Chapter 17 247
- Network File System (NFS) 247
- 17.1.1. NFS and portmap 248
- 17.2.1. /etc/exports 250
- 17.3.1. /etc/fstab 251
- 17.3.2. autofs 252
- 17.4. Securing NFS 253
- 17.5. Additional Resources 254
- 17.5.2. Related Books 255
- Chapter 18 257
- 18.2.1. NSS, PAM, and LDAP 259
- 18.3. LDAP Terminology 260
- 18.4.1. slapd.conf 261
- 18.5. OpenLDAP Setup Overview 262
- /sbin/service/ldap start 263
- 18.8. Additional Resources 265
- 18.8.3. Related Books 266
- Appendixes 267
- Appendix A 269
- A.2. CD-ROM Module Parameters 270
- A.3. SCSI parameters 272
- A.4. Ethernet Parameters 275
- Colophon 293
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Yamaha TSX-130 manuales
Manuales del propietario y guías del usuario para Las radios Yamaha TSX-130.
Ofrecemos 1 manuales en pdf Yamaha TSX-130 para descargar gratis por tipos de documentos: Manual
Tabla de contenidos
CONTENTS
5
Press ON/OFF
11
3 Select CD
16
2 Select USB
17
USB playback
23
GLOSSARY
25
PRÉPARATIFS
30
Remarques
32
Écoute de CD
40
Français
43
OPÉRATIONS
43
Remarque
43
Lecture USB
47
GLOSSAIRE
49
VORBEREITUNG
54
Hinweise
56
Sekunden
59
Programmtyp
67
INNEHÅLLS
77
Anmärkningar
80
3 Välj CD
88
2 Välj USB
89
MANÖVRERING
91
Anmärkning
91
FELSÖKNING
93
ORDLISTA
97
PREPARAZIONE
102
Premere ON/OFF
107
Premere
108
USO DI BASE
109
3 Selezionare CD
112
Ascolto di CD
112
Italiano
115
OPERAZIONI
115
DIAGNOSTICA
117
Ricezione radio
119
Telecomando
119
File MP3 o WMA
120
GLOSSARIO
121
DATI TECNICI
121
NI A LA HUMEDAD
124
CONTENIDO
125
PREPARACIÓN
126
Pulse ON/OFF
131
OPERACIÓN BÁSICA
133
3 Seleccione CD
136
Para escuchar CD
136
2 Seleccione USB
137
OPERACIÓN
139
Reproducción USB
143
GLOSARIO
145
ESPECIFICACIONES
145
VOORBEREIDINGEN
150
Opmerkingen
152
Druk op ON/OFF
155
BASISHANDELINGEN
157
3 Selecteer CD
160
2 Selecteer USB
161
Nederlands
163
BEDIENING
163
Opmerking
163
Disks afspelen
166
Afspelen USB
167
Radio-ontvangst
167
Omgaan met disks
168
WOORDENLIJST
169
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
173
ПОДГОТОВКА
174
Настройка часов
176
2 Выберите USB
185
Радиоприем
191
Пульт ДУ
191
ГЛОССАРИЙ
193
WQ45740-1
196
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